We are calling the erupting ground water as drug water or mineral water in Korea and thinking those water and food making water. Authors tried to investigate the evidence of contamination by user on the 10 erupting ground water and gained following results: 1. All of the mineral waters on 10 area in Seoul were unfittable to drinking water standard. 2. In the view of the bacteriology 80% were contaminated by coliform group. 3. The highest value of the free carbon dioxide contents were 652.96 ppm at Sam Sun Mineral Water.
Bacteriology ; Carbon Dioxide ; Drinking Water ; Groundwater ; Korea ; Mineral Waters ; Seoul ; Solar System ; Thinking ; Water

BACKGROUND: The treatment of different skin conditions with spa waters is a long tradition dating back to at least late Hellenism. Interestingly, independent scientific examinations studying the effect of spa waters are scarce. OBJECTIVE: In the present in vitro study, we compared the effect of culture media supplemented with (a) thermal spa waters (La Roche-Posay, Avene) and (b) two natural mineral drinking waters (Heppinger, Adelholzener) on physiological parameters in HaCaT keratinocytes. METHODS: The different medium preparations were investigated with regard to cell proliferation and cell damage. Moreover, the impact on inflammation parameters with and without ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation was examined. RESULTS: Two popular thermal spring waters were found to suppress cell proliferation and cell damage. Moreover, these waters reversed the induction of interleukin-6, as measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and promoter transactivation, and the formation of reactive oxygen species after UVB stimulation. Of note, the two natural mineral waters, which are distributed as drinking waters, had some effect on the above-mentioned parameters but to a lesser extent. CONCLUSION: In summary, our results show that spa waters, and particularly those derived from thermal springs, reduce parameters associated with inflammation. It seems likely that trace elements such as selenium and zinc are critical for the observed effects.
Cell Proliferation ; Culture Media ; Drinking ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans* ; Inflammation* ; Interleukin-6 ; Keratinocytes* ; Mineral Waters ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Selenium ; Skin ; Trace Elements ; Transcriptional Activation ; Water* ; Zinc

To measure the mutagenic activity of micro-organic pollutants in drinking water, mutagenic test was conducted using Salmnella typhimurium TA 98 strain on the water sample taken from three water supply station and six tap water in Seoul in July and November 1987. The results were as follows : 1. The average amounts of organic matters in raw, treated, and tap water sampled in July were 0.38mg/l, 0.28mg/l, and 0.45mg/l, respectively, and sampled in November were 0.34mg/l, 0.24mg/l, and 0.22mg/l, respectively. The amount of organic matters of tap water sampled in November did not increase while that of tap water sampled in July increased compare to those of raw or treated water. 2. The amount of organic matters is the highest in neutral fraction compare to acidic and basic fractions. 3. In the five out of six tap water and raw water of Paldang and Kuui station sampled in July, the mutagenic ratios were greater than two (both direct and indirect mutagenicity). 4. In the three out six tap water and raw and treated water of Kuui station sampled in November, the mutagenic ratios were greater than two. 5. While mutagenic were low in acidic and basic fraction, they were high in neutral fraction. The samples which had high mutagenic activity in the total amount also showed high mutagenic activity in neutral fraction. 6. While mutagenic activity was decreased after the treatment of water, it was increased in tap water as the distance from the water supply station increases.
Drinking Water ; Drinking ; Seoul ; Water ; Water Supply

The information of species and quantity of enteric viruses in surface water, finished water, and tap water is important in helping understand the pathogenesis of viruses, providing information about health and hygiene, improving handling technique of drinking water, and establishing the standards of water quality. Using standard total culturable virus assay-most probable number (TCVA-MPN) method, we tried to detect infectious enteric viruses in surface water, finished water, and tap water samples that were collected and evaluated according to the information collection rule (ICR). The results obtained with TCVA method were compared to the results from both reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and integrated cell culture-RT-PCR (ICC-RT-PCR) method. Five of 86 samples (5.8%) were positive as determined by the TCVA-MPN method. Two of 86 samples (2.3%) were positive for reovirus as determined by the RT-PCR and ICC-RT-PCR, and contained infectious reovirus. One of 86 samples (1.7%) was positive for coxsackievirus type B3 as determined by the RT-PCR and ICC-RT-PCR.
Drinking Water ; Hygiene ; Water Quality ; Water*

Though the cause of urolithiasis has not clearly identified yet, it has been believed that diet with food containing rich calcium, phosphate, oxalate and uric acid components plays a great role in the stone formation, unless the combined diseases which have influence on the stone formation, are present. Hypercalciuria is a dominant cause of the stone formation calcium excretion through the urine is under the influence of calcium intake per weight and go diet with food containing rich calcium component, especially milk, may be the principle factor in the stone formation and milk has been restricted in the patients with urolithiasis. Previously we had clarified the relationship between urolithiasis and diversified and westernized food life with milk and dairy products in Korean people In this study, with the ground of chemical analysis for 100 urinary stones and existing result of component analysis for each food, we carried out to examine the fancy of food life with some foods, which is containing rich calcium, phosphate, oxalate, uric acid component and selected from the favorite foods in Korea, in the patients with urolithiasis and emphasize the role of diet in the treatment and prevention of urolithiasis. The following results were obtained : 1. The result of chemical analysis of 100 urinary stones revealed multiple composition in all cases most part of stones (73%) were composed with calcium, magnesium, phosphate, oxalate, xantine, uric acid. 2. The sex ratio of male and female was about 1.7: 1 and the great majority on the age distribution was in 20-40 years (87.3%) in the patients with urolithiasis and the sex ratio and age distribution in the control group showed similar proportion. 3. The most part of the patients with urolithiasis (70%) was over than high school graduated on the school career 4. Generally the patients with urolithiasis had taken a scanty water. 5. The fancy for milk and dairy products was high in the patients with urolithiasis 6. As an accompaniment of wine, the patients with urolithiasis took mostly a fish containing rich calcium and phosphate component but control group took vegetables and fruits. 7. The fancy for food with high calcium component was higher in the patients with urolithiasis ( 29.3 %) than in control group (20.7%).8. The fancy for food with high phosphate component was higher in the patientswith urolithiasis (3O %) than in control group (22.7%).9. The fancy for good with high oxalate component was similar in the patientsand control group(35.3%). lO. The fancy for food with high uric acidcomponent was higher in the patients with urolithiasis (37 .3%) than in controlgroup (28%). ll. The fancy for good without calcium, phosphate, oxalate, uric acidcomponent was similar in the pa tients with urolithiasis (44%) and control group(43.3%) , but the Jistaste rate was hightr in the pati ents with urolithiasis(29.3%) than in control group (l4.7%). 12. The sex ratio on each statistics was notsignificant except the fancy rate for dairy products ( maHr edly higher in femalethan male) l3. Judging from the facts mentioned above, it may be believed that therelationship between urolithiasis and food life in the patients with urolithiasis,was present And sD in the patients with urolithiasis, anchovies, meats, cattle`sintestines, procestd foodstuffs of me. at, milk and dairy pmducts will berestricted, and sufficient water intake, mineral water, wheat flour food,potatoes, sweat potatoes, beans, vegetables anJ fruits will be offered.
Age Distribution ; Calcium ; Dairy Products ; Diet ; Drinking ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Epidemiology ; Fabaceae ; Female ; Flour ; Fruit ; Humans ; Hypercalciuria ; Korea ; Magnesium ; Male ; Meat ; Milk ; Mineral Waters ; Sex Ratio ; Solanum tuberosum ; Sweat ; Triticum ; Uric Acid ; Urinary Calculi ; Urolithiasis ; Vegetables ; Water ; Wine

Mountain Wells are very important water source of the most the climbers in Seoul area. But the facilities around the wells are not modernized to prevent from contamination of microorganism and the other pollutants. We focussed our intention on the detection of some harmful chemical ingredients and contaminants. A total of 58 wells were examined according to the Standard Methods(APHA) and the following results were obtained : 1) Among the examined 58 wells, only 10 wells adequate to the drinking water standard, 2) 7.9mg of liberated CO2 was found in the Tchun-Ho-Dong Mineral Well, 3) Chemically harmful ingredients were not found, 4) The Mountain Wells were contaminated by Coliform Groups as many as 18 times than rural well.
Drinking Water ; Intention ; Seoul ; Water Pollution

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of red vinegar drink on sound enamel surface. METHODS: Commercially available red vinegar drink was used for the study. Firstly, pH values were measured in commercially available red vinegar drinks. Secondly, four groups; mineral water as the control group and red vinegar drink, red vinegar drink + mineral water (mixing ratio, 1:3), red vinegar drink + milk (mixing ratio,1:4) as the experimental group were selected. Forty specimens of bovine teeth were made and then divided into the four groups and treated with the test drinks for 1, 15, 30 and 60 minutes. The surface microhardness (vickers hardness number, VHN) was measured using the microhardness tester before and after the treatments. The surface of specimens was observed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Acetic Acid ; Dental Enamel ; Diet ; Eating ; Hardness ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Milk ; Mineral Waters ; Tooth ; Water

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of red vinegar drink on sound enamel surface. METHODS: Commercially available red vinegar drink was used for the study. Firstly, pH values were measured in commercially available red vinegar drinks. Secondly, four groups; mineral water as the control group and red vinegar drink, red vinegar drink + mineral water (mixing ratio, 1:3), red vinegar drink + milk (mixing ratio,1:4) as the experimental group were selected. Forty specimens of bovine teeth were made and then divided into the four groups and treated with the test drinks for 1, 15, 30 and 60 minutes. The surface microhardness (vickers hardness number, VHN) was measured using the microhardness tester before and after the treatments. The surface of specimens was observed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Acetic Acid ; Dental Enamel ; Diet ; Eating ; Hardness ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Milk ; Mineral Waters ; Tooth ; Water

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of red vinegar drink on sound enamel surface. METHODS: Commercially available red vinegar drink was used for the study. Firstly, pH values were measured in commercially available red vinegar drinks. Secondly, four groups; mineral water as the control group and red vinegar drink, red vinegar drink + mineral water (mixing ratio, 1:3), red vinegar drink + milk (mixing ratio,1:4) as the experimental group were selected. Forty specimens of bovine teeth were made and then divided into the four groups and treated with the test drinks for 1, 15, 30 and 60 minutes. The surface microhardness (vickers hardness number, VHN) was measured using the microhardness tester before and after the treatments. The surface of specimens was observed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Acetic Acid ; Dental Enamel ; Diet ; Eating ; Hardness ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Milk ; Mineral Waters ; Tooth ; Water

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of red vinegar drink on sound enamel surface. METHODS: Commercially available red vinegar drink was used for the study. Firstly, pH values were measured in commercially available red vinegar drinks. Secondly, four groups; mineral water as the control group and red vinegar drink, red vinegar drink + mineral water (mixing ratio, 1:3), red vinegar drink + milk (mixing ratio,1:4) as the experimental group were selected. Forty specimens of bovine teeth were made and then divided into the four groups and treated with the test drinks for 1, 15, 30 and 60 minutes. The surface microhardness (vickers hardness number, VHN) was measured using the microhardness tester before and after the treatments. The surface of specimens was observed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Acetic Acid ; Dental Enamel ; Diet ; Eating ; Hardness ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Milk ; Mineral Waters ; Tooth ; Water