Although tetanus and diphtheria have become rare in developed countries, pertussis is still endemic in some developed countries. These are vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccination for adults is important to prevent the outbreak of disease. Strategies for tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccines vary from country to country. Each country needs to monitor consistently epidemiology of the diseases and changes vaccination policies accordingly. Recent studies showed that tetanus–diphtheria–acellular pertussis vaccine for adults is effective and safe to prevent pertussis disease in infants. However, vaccine coverage still remains low than expected and seroprevalence of protective antibodies levels for tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis decline with aging. The importance of tetanus–diphtheria–acellular pertussis vaccine administration should be emphasized for the protection of young adult and elderly people also, not limited to children.
Adult* ; Aged ; Aging ; Antibodies ; Child ; Developed Countries ; Diphtheria ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Pertussis Vaccine ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Tetanus ; Vaccination* ; Vaccines ; Whooping Cough* ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of Td booster immunization in early preadolescents of Korea. METHODS: Healthy preadolescents, who had been vaccinated with 4 or 5 doses of DTaP vaccines until 6 years old age, were enrolled in this study from August 2006 to April 2007 . Diphtheria and tetanus anti-toxoid antibodies in sera were measured by ELISA just before vaccination and 4 weeks after vaccination to evaluate immunogenicity. Local and systemic adverse reactions observed for 4 weeks after vaccination to access reactogenicity. RESULTS: 183 preadolescents were enrolled and mean age was 11.40+/-0.51 years old. All subjects achieved seroprotective diphtheria and tetanus anti-toxoid antibodies (titers > or =0.1 IU/mL) after Td booster vaccination. Among 183 vaccinees, 73.8% showed local adverse reactions and 37.2% systemic adverse reactions. Pain at injection site (66.1%) was the most common local reaction, and the most commonly shown systemic reaction was myalgia (17.5%). The adverse reactions were spontaneously relieved within three days after vaccination. CONCLUSION: Td vaccine in this study was high immunogenic and showed an acceptable tolerance in Korean preadolescents. Td booster vaccination at 11 -12 years old is the most effective method to increase compliance of the vaccination and to decrease the incidence of diphtheria and tetanus.
Aged ; Antibodies ; Compliance ; Diphtheria ; Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization, Secondary ; Incidence ; Korea ; Tetanus ; Vaccination

No abstract available.
Child ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ; Humans ; Infant

No abstract available.
Child ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ; Humans ; Infant

No abstract available.
Child ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ; Humans ; Infant

PURPOSE: Pertussis, a respiratory tract infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, is an important cause of morbidity in children. But diagnosis of pertussis is often delayed because of late development of typical symptoms and difficulties in culture. There has been no bacteriologically confirmed case of B. pertussis infection in Korea. Lower respiratoy tract may be involved in pertussis. We performed the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) assay for B. pertussis from children with lower respiratory tract infections. METHODS: One hundred eighty nine nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children with lower respiratory tract infections during the period from November 1990 to February 1995. Three 24-mer primers derived from DNA sequences upstream of the structural genes for the porin proteins of Bordetella: P1 is shared by all three species and P2 is specific for B. pertussis and P3 is specific for B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. Amplifications resulted in 159-bp PCR products specific for B. pertussis and 121-bp PCR products specific for B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. A confirmatory cleavage of 159-bp PCR products of B. pertussis by Hae III revealed two bands of 22 and 137 bp. RESULTS: B. pertussis specific PCR products were visualized in 6 patients during 1991 and 5 of these had received appropriate doses of the combined DPT vaccine. They had had cough over 2 weeks in all and high fever in 4. They had been diagnosed as viral pneumonia in 5 and bronchiolitis in 1, but viral cultures for respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, adenovirus were negative. There was no PCR product compatible with B. parapertussis or B. bronchiseptica. CONCLUSIONS: PCR assay is effective in diagnosis of B. pertussis infections. We suggest that there was an epidemic of pertussis in 1991 despite high rate of pertussis vaccine coverage in Korea.
Adenoviridae ; Base Sequence ; Bordetella pertussis ; Bordetella ; Bronchiolitis ; Child ; Cough ; Diagnosis ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ; Fever ; Humans ; Korea ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Pertussis Vaccine ; Pneumonia, Viral ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Whooping Cough

PURPOSE: Pertussis, a respiratory tract infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, is an important cause of morbidity in children. But diagnosis of pertussis is often delayed because of late development of typical symptoms and difficulties in culture. There has been no bacteriologically confirmed case of B. pertussis infection in Korea. Lower respiratoy tract may be involved in pertussis. We performed the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) assay for B. pertussis from children with lower respiratory tract infections. METHODS: One hundred eighty nine nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children with lower respiratory tract infections during the period from November 1990 to February 1995. Three 24-mer primers derived from DNA sequences upstream of the structural genes for the porin proteins of Bordetella: P1 is shared by all three species and P2 is specific for B. pertussis and P3 is specific for B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. Amplifications resulted in 159-bp PCR products specific for B. pertussis and 121-bp PCR products specific for B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. A confirmatory cleavage of 159-bp PCR products of B. pertussis by Hae III revealed two bands of 22 and 137 bp. RESULTS: B. pertussis specific PCR products were visualized in 6 patients during 1991 and 5 of these had received appropriate doses of the combined DPT vaccine. They had had cough over 2 weeks in all and high fever in 4. They had been diagnosed as viral pneumonia in 5 and bronchiolitis in 1, but viral cultures for respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, adenovirus were negative. There was no PCR product compatible with B. parapertussis or B. bronchiseptica. CONCLUSIONS: PCR assay is effective in diagnosis of B. pertussis infections. We suggest that there was an epidemic of pertussis in 1991 despite high rate of pertussis vaccine coverage in Korea.
Adenoviridae ; Base Sequence ; Bordetella pertussis ; Bordetella ; Bronchiolitis ; Child ; Cough ; Diagnosis ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ; Fever ; Humans ; Korea ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Pertussis Vaccine ; Pneumonia, Viral ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Whooping Cough

PURPOSE: Pertussis, a respiratory tract infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, is an important cause of morbidity in children. But diagnosis of pertussis is often delayed because of late development of typical symptoms and difficulties in culture. There has been no bacteriologically confirmed case of B. pertussis infection in Korea. Lower respiratoy tract may be involved in pertussis. We performed the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) assay for B. pertussis from children with lower respiratory tract infections. METHODS: One hundred eighty nine nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children with lower respiratory tract infections during the period from November 1990 to February 1995. Three 24-mer primers derived from DNA sequences upstream of the structural genes for the porin proteins of Bordetella: P1 is shared by all three species and P2 is specific for B. pertussis and P3 is specific for B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. Amplifications resulted in 159-bp PCR products specific for B. pertussis and 121-bp PCR products specific for B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. A confirmatory cleavage of 159-bp PCR products of B. pertussis by Hae III revealed two bands of 22 and 137 bp. RESULTS: B. pertussis specific PCR products were visualized in 6 patients during 1991 and 5 of these had received appropriate doses of the combined DPT vaccine. They had had cough over 2 weeks in all and high fever in 4. They had been diagnosed as viral pneumonia in 5 and bronchiolitis in 1, but viral cultures for respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, adenovirus were negative. There was no PCR product compatible with B. parapertussis or B. bronchiseptica. CONCLUSIONS: PCR assay is effective in diagnosis of B. pertussis infections. We suggest that there was an epidemic of pertussis in 1991 despite high rate of pertussis vaccine coverage in Korea.
Adenoviridae ; Base Sequence ; Bordetella pertussis ; Bordetella ; Bronchiolitis ; Child ; Cough ; Diagnosis ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ; Fever ; Humans ; Korea ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Pertussis Vaccine ; Pneumonia, Viral ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Whooping Cough

PURPOSE: Pertussis, a respiratory tract infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, is an important cause of morbidity in children. But diagnosis of pertussis is often delayed because of late development of typical symptoms and difficulties in culture. There has been no bacteriologically confirmed case of B. pertussis infection in Korea. Lower respiratoy tract may be involved in pertussis. We performed the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) assay for B. pertussis from children with lower respiratory tract infections. METHODS: One hundred eighty nine nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children with lower respiratory tract infections during the period from November 1990 to February 1995. Three 24-mer primers derived from DNA sequences upstream of the structural genes for the porin proteins of Bordetella: P1 is shared by all three species and P2 is specific for B. pertussis and P3 is specific for B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. Amplifications resulted in 159-bp PCR products specific for B. pertussis and 121-bp PCR products specific for B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. A confirmatory cleavage of 159-bp PCR products of B. pertussis by Hae III revealed two bands of 22 and 137 bp. RESULTS: B. pertussis specific PCR products were visualized in 6 patients during 1991 and 5 of these had received appropriate doses of the combined DPT vaccine. They had had cough over 2 weeks in all and high fever in 4. They had been diagnosed as viral pneumonia in 5 and bronchiolitis in 1, but viral cultures for respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, adenovirus were negative. There was no PCR product compatible with B. parapertussis or B. bronchiseptica. CONCLUSIONS: PCR assay is effective in diagnosis of B. pertussis infections. We suggest that there was an epidemic of pertussis in 1991 despite high rate of pertussis vaccine coverage in Korea.
Adenoviridae ; Base Sequence ; Bordetella pertussis ; Bordetella ; Bronchiolitis ; Child ; Cough ; Diagnosis ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ; Fever ; Humans ; Korea ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Pertussis Vaccine ; Pneumonia, Viral ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Whooping Cough

No abstract available.
Animals ; Pertussis Vaccine ; Rats ; Streptozocin ; Whooping Cough