PURPOSE: This study was done to clarify nurses' duties, tasks and task elements and to develop a job description for clinical nurses on general and intensive care units in tertiary-level hospitals, and dramatically reflect changing medical trends in Korea. METHODS: The job description was developed based on the Developing a Curriculum Method (DACUM). The questionnaire included frequency, importance, and difficulty of duties, tasks and task elements, measured on a 4-point scale. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Data were collected from September 4 to 7, 2017, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and a scattered graph. RESULTS: The job description consisted of 10 duties, 38 tasks, and 51 elements. Of the 10 duties, the highest duty in order of importance was ‘Direct nursing care’ followed by ‘Infection control’. The highest duties according to frequency and difficulty were ‘Document and notify’ and ‘Research and quality improvement’. ‘Safety management’ and ‘Infection control’ were considered as relatively simple duties, however, these two duties were still included as important jobs for clinical nurses. CONCLUSION: The job descriptions for clinical nurses developed from this study contain nursing ethics and safety as well as infection control, to faithfully reflect clinical nurses' jobs.
Critical Care ; Curriculum ; Ethics, Nursing ; Infection Control ; Intensive Care Units ; Job Description ; Korea ; Methods ; Nursing ; Patients' Rooms

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of body composition, eating habits and dietary intake in three Sasang constitutions. This survey was carried out using anthropometry, a questionnaire about eating habits, and 24-hour recall of dietary intake on 45 male and 29 female students of the fifth grade at C elementary school. The results are summarized as follows: A total of 44.6% of the subjects were Taeumin, 35.1% were Soyangin, and 20.3% were Soeumin. The average weight, WHR, Triceps, Rhrer index and BMI in the Taeumin group were significantly higher than those of the Soeumin and Soyangin groups. The body fat mass (kg) and abdominal fat (%) in the Taeumin group were significantly higher than those of the Soeumin and Soyangin groups. The soft body mass (%) in the Soeumin group was significantly higher than that of the Soeumi and Soyangin groups. The Taeumin's energy expenditure in physical activities was little high than that of the Soyangin and Soeumin groups, but the Soyangin's energy expenditure in physical activities per weight was a little higher than that of the Taeumin and Soeumin groups. The calorie and most of the nutrient intake were lower than those of Korean RDA. In the case of males, most nutrient intake, except for fiber, carotene and vitamin C were high in the Taeumin. For females, most nutrient intake, except for calcium and retinol were significantly higher in the Taeumin group. Conclusively, anthropometry characteristics, body composition, energy expenditure in physical activities, eating habits and dietary intake are different among the three Sasang constitutions. This study suggests the possibility of using Sasang consitutions as a basis for providing nutritional education and health guidelines.
Abdominal Fat ; Adipose Tissue ; Anthropometry ; Ascorbic Acid ; Body Composition ; Calcium ; Carotenoids ; Child ; Constitution and Bylaws ; Eating ; Education ; Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Vitamin A ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The author list should be corrected.

PURPOSE: The study was done to explore lived experience of Japanese women taking care of chronically ill parents-in-law at home under the Korean family culture emphasizing filial piety. METHOD: van Manen's Hermeneutic Phenomenology research method was applied to conduct in-depth analysis on the meaning and nature of those experiences. This method derives the universal and fundamental aspect of human being. RESULTS: There were 8 essential themes derived from the Japanese marriage-immigrants' experiences taking care of parents-in-law with chronic diseases as followings: 'stuck in a situation in which I am obligated to take care of the parent-in-law', 'hard to be the only person responsible to take care of the parent-in-law', 'unaccustomed to the Korean filial duty culture', 'the adverse effect of Korean-Japan history on taking care of the parent-in-law', 'refusing to let the taking care of the parent-in-law to be a shackle of my life', 'starting to be willing to take care of the parent-in-law', 'following through with my own way of taking care of the parent-in-law without being swayed by what others say', 'growing in the process of taking care of the parent-in-law'. CONCLUSION: The study results broadened ground to understand the experiences taking care of chronically ill parent-in-law from Japanese marriage-immigrants' social and cultural perspectives.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Chronic Disease* ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Energy Transfer

Dietary supplements are popular worldwide and their use has been increasing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mineral contents of multi-vitamins and minerals (MVMs) in most commonly sold among dietary supplements. Ninety popular MVM supplements sold in South Korea were surveyed regarding their characteristics and ingredients including minerals listed on the labels through off-line and on-line search. Daily mineral contents of the MVM supplements were compared with Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) by target populations. The average price of 90 MVM supplements was $41.3 per bottle, with a price of $0.9 per day and the average number of minerals contained per supplement was 4.7. A total 14 minerals were found in the MVM supplements including calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Nine minerals (e.g. calcium, magnesium, and iron) were included in more than 30% of the MVM supplements examined. When daily mineral dose of MVMs was compared to DRIs, calcium was the lowest (34.0% of recommended intake [RI]) and chromium was the highest (218.7% of adequate intake [AI]), and zinc, copper, selenium, and chromium were also higher than their RI or AI levels. The daily mineral contents of the 90 MVM supplements were below the tolerable upper-intake level, but some minerals were higher than RI or AI with high variance among products. Therefore, there is a great need to educate the public for the adequate selection and use of MVM supplements based on the contents of MVM supplements and individual's mineral intake derived from the diet.
Calcium ; Chromium ; Copper ; Diet ; Dietary Supplements ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Korea* ; Magnesium ; Minerals* ; Miners* ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Product Labeling ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Selenium ; Sodium ; Zinc

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate nursing students' knowledge and beliefs about Kangaroo care (KC). METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. Undergraduate students enrolled in departments of nursing (n=322) from three universities in D city participated. Knowledge and beliefs about KC were measured using the Kangaroo Care Questionnaire (KCQ). RESULTS: The overall level of nursing students' knowledge about KC was very low with a mean score of 6.9 out of 17. The mean score for nursing students' beliefs about KC was 87.4 out of 100, indicating relatively positive beliefs. The students who had both education and exposure to KC had higher scores for knowledge and more positive beliefs about KC compared to students with no experience or exposure to KC. There was a positive correlation between knowledge and beliefs about KC (r=.371, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that there is a need to develop educational programs for nursing students in order to increase their knowledge and develop positive beliefs about KC.
Education ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Kangaroo-Mother Care Method ; Macropodidae* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

Midtrimester genetic amniocentesis has been a gold standard for prenatal diagnosis in antenatal care since last 25 years. After the triple serum marker test was introduced as a prenatal screening method for Down syndrome, the frequency of genetic amniocentesis was increased. OBJECTIVE: To determine the complication, risk of amniocentesis and detection rate of chromosomal abnormality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective clinical analysis of 1,064 midtrimester genetic amnicentesis in IL Sin Christian Hospital antenatal clinic from Jan 1995 to Dec 1997. Chi square test was used for the statistical analysis and p value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Amnicentesis were significantly increased in the age of 35-39 yrs and 40yrs over. And also the incidence of chromosomal abnormality was higher than younger age group. The indications of amnicentesis were screen positive of triple marker test(43%), advanced maternal age(20.8%), abnormal beta-hCG level, past history of chromosome abnormality or malformed baby and abnormal alpha-FP level in order. Total number of chromosomal abnormalities was 30 and the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities was 2.8%(30/1,064). The complications were developed in 13 cases and fetal loss rate was 0.78%(9/1,064). CONCLUSION: The detection rate of chromosomal abnormality in midtrimester amnicentesis for prenatal diagnosis was high and relatively safe procedure but, we should be attention to more careful manipulation.
Amniocentesis ; Biomarkers ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Down Syndrome ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second* ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify factors affecting nurses' burnout in secondary general hospitals. METHODS: Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 241 nurses working at the secondary general hospitals with below 400 beds in the P, C, and S city between April and May, 2009. Data analysis was done with independent t test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple stepwise multiple regression with SPSS WIN v 17.0. RESULTS: Burnout was significantly different according to religion, age, clinical experiences, and shift work. Burnout score of the subjects was 58/100. Burnout of the subjects were positively correlated with job stress and negatively correlated with hardness, self efficiency, self esteem, spiritual wellbeing, social support, and job satisfaction. The explained variances for burnout was 51.8% and factors affecting nurses' burnout in secondary general hospitals were job stress, hardness, self efficiency, job satisfaction and shift work. CONCLUSION: These results showed the significant factors fo nurses' burnout in secondary general hospitals. These findings can be utilized to development of strategies for reducing job stress and enhancing hardness, self efficiency and job satisfaction.
Hardness ; Hospitals, General ; Job Satisfaction ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Concept ; Statistics as Topic

This study was undertaken to investigate the characterization and distribution patterns of MHC class II positive dendritic cells[DCs] and ED2 positive tissue macrophages throughout the estrous cycle and during pregnancy in the rat ovary. The immunohistochemical characterization of the cells was carried out using the monoclonal antibodies OX6 and ED2 in cryostat-cut sections. DCs were distributed in the theca cell layer of the growing and mature follicles,stroma and corpus luteum. Tissue macrophages were distributed in the theca externa of the growing and mature follicles, stroma and corpus luteum but they were smaller in number than DCs. None of DC and tissue macrophage was found in the ovum, granulosa layer and follicular cavity of the ovarian follicle. However, DCs and tissue macrophages were present in the granulosa layer and follicular cavity in the atretic follicles. Degenerating corpus luteum contained a vast number of OX6 positive cells. On the contrary, fewer tissue macrophages were founcl in the degenerating corpus luteum. More macrophages tended to be observed in the former follicular cavity and theca lutein cell layer than in the granulosa lutein cell layer of the corpus luteum. In stroma,DCs and tissue macrophages were more frequently found around the blood vessels than in the other region, however, DCs were relatively greater in number than tissue macrophages. There was no estrous cycle and pregnancy dependent variation in the numbers and distribution patterns of DCs and tissue macrophages. In conclusion, the rat ovary contains rich networks of MHC class II positive dendritic cells and ED2 positive tissue macrophages. These findings suggest the existence of a well-developed system of immunological surveillance in the rat ovary. The results of this study have potentially important implications for the understanding not only of the ovarian immune system and the pathogenesis of various ovarian diseases but also of various physiologic functions of the ovary.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Blood Vessels ; Corpus Luteum ; Dendritic Cells* ; Estrous Cycle ; Female ; Immune System ; Immunologic Surveillance ; Luteal Cells ; Macrophages* ; Ovarian Diseases ; Ovarian Follicle ; Ovary* ; Ovum ; Pregnancy ; Rats* ; Theca Cells

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of postoperative oral care using cold therapy on nausea, vomiting and oral discomfort after laparoscopic myomectomy. METHOD: The study was conducted with an experimental group (n=29) and a control group (n=35) sampled from patients admitted to a women's hospital in a metropolitan city in Korea. Data were collected between October 10, 2011 and January 31, 2012 and analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, t-test, and repeated measure ANCOVA with SPSS/WIN 19.0. RESULTS: After the intervention, postoperative nausea (p<.001) and oral discomfort for patients in the experimental group were significantly lower than in the control group. There were significant differences in the presence of vomiting between both groups at 12 hours (p<.001) and 24 hours (p=.003) after leaving the recovery room. CONCLUSION: Oral care using cold therapy was found to be an effective nursing intervention for reducing postoperative nausea, vomiting and oral discomfort up to 24 hours after recovery in patients with laparoscopic myomectomy.
Cold Temperature ; Cryotherapy ; Humans ; Korea ; Laparoscopy ; Nausea ; Postoperative Care ; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting ; Vomiting